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Explanations of accounting, taxes and audit in Uzbekistan. Articles not yet translated are shown in Uzbek.
At what cost is material issued from the warehouse written off: FIFO or weighted average?
The same sugar was bought at three different prices. Which price is used when it is issued to production? We compare the methods of NAS No. 4 using a confectionery workshop as an example.
When the exchange rate changes, where is the exchange difference recorded in the accounts?
You sold in dollars, the money arrived a month later, and the rate changed. Brief key points under NAS No. 22 and one export example.
How should a new business partner be checked before signing a contract?
A cheap offer may have a sham company behind it. Such a partner puts your VAT and expenses at risk. A checklist and one cautionary story.
Can tax overpaid to the budget be refunded?
Made a mistake in a figure and paid too much tax? The money is not lost. What to do, in brief key points.
How do you put together a tax calendar?
Missing a deadline leads to late payment interest. Seven steps to a one-page tax calendar and a café example.
What is an electronic digital signature (EDS) and why does an accountant need one?
Tax returns and electronic invoices are signed without paper. What an EDS is, how to keep it safe and which mistakes turn out to be costly.
Does the auditor check every document or take a sample?
Thousands of invoices cannot be examined one by one. How the auditor carries out sampling and why its results can be trusted.
Why does the auditor send confirmation letters to your debtors?
If a customer's debt is confirmed by the customer itself rather than by the company, the evidence is stronger. How external confirmation works.
What journal entries are made when goods are sold?
A shop sold goods: in which accounts revenue, VAT, cost of goods and payment are recorded. A four-step example with a table.
What is a trial balance and how should it be read?
The accountant's "X-ray": balances and movements of all accounts in a single table. We learn to read the columns.
What should be done if an inventory count reveals a shortage?
There are fewer goods in the warehouse than in the records. What to do without panicking: the steps and the paperwork.
How should an advance report be submitted correctly?
An employee took money from the till and made purchases. How to fill in the report, which receipts to keep and how to return unspent money.
Should you register as a VAT payer? Advantages and drawbacks
What being a VAT payer gives a business and what it demands. The story of two entrepreneurs and a comparison table.
What is the difference between a desk audit and a field tax audit?
One is carried out in the tax office on the basis of documents, the other on the company's premises. How each works and how to prepare.
What is a tax incentive and how is it used?
An incentive is legal relief from tax. What forms it takes, who receives it and what to watch out for when using it.
What happens if you pay tax late?
Even one day's delay costs money. How late-payment interest is calculated, how it differs from a fine and how to avoid delays.
How is internal control built in a small company? 5 simple rules
Even with few employees, errors and abuse can be prevented. Five practical rules and what they protect against.
What is the difference between external and internal audit?
Both examine, but they differ in whom they serve, for what purpose and who carries them out.
What journal entries are made when payroll is calculated?
The path of a salary from calculation to the employee's pocket: the journal entry at each step, with an example.
Debit and credit: which one is an increase and which one is a decrease?
A simple answer to the question that confuses accounting learners most: one table and two examples.
Why are cash receipt and cash disbursement orders needed?
Every soum enters and leaves the till with a document. What the orders are, who signs them and which journal entries they relate to.
How does VAT work? The bread chain example
From the farmer to the shopper: how value added tax is calculated at each stage and why the consumer ultimately bears it.
Turnover tax or corporate profit tax: what is the difference?
One is calculated on revenue, the other on profit. The logic of the two taxes and which suits which kind of business better.
What is an employer responsible for as a tax agent?
Who is responsible for correctly withholding and timely remitting employees' taxes, and what happens if a mistake is made.
Why does an invoice matter and what does it contain?
The electronic VAT invoice: why it is needed, what information it carries and what you lose if it contains an error.
What stages does an audit go through?
What an auditor does from arriving at the company to writing the report: planning, risk assessment, gathering evidence and the opinion.
What types of auditor's report are there?
Unmodified, qualified and adverse opinions, and a disclaimer of opinion: what each of them means.
What documents should be prepared for the auditor?
A list of documents to prepare in advance so that the audit runs quickly and smoothly.
Hisobvaraqlar rejasi nima va u qanday tuzilgan?
21-son BHMS bo'yicha hisobvaraqlar rejasining besh bo'limi va schyot kodlari qanday o'qilishi haqida qisqa tushuntirish.
How is depreciation of fixed assets calculated?
What depreciation is, the four calculation methods under NAS No. 5, numerical examples and the related journal entries.